Accountability and Skilled Documentation

“Employees want to know why they have to produce and deliver services by using certain methods. To be good at holding your staff accountable, you must be good at teaching. Teach about the consequences.” — Crucial Accountability

Did you know that poor documentation quality has a bigger financial impact than productivity does? It’s true! In general, while you save $0.02 for every 1 percent productivity increase, billing minutes pulled out during an audit will have a much greater financial loss:

RUC x 14 days (647.94/day = $9,071.16)

RVC x 14 days ($555.85/day = $7,781.90)

In conclusion, one billing minute removed due to unskilled documentation could result in a $1,289.26 loss.

DOR Role

What is the role of the DOR? We define it as follows:

  • Commit to auditing documentation
  • Set expectations at the interview
  • Give positive feedback as often as constructive feedback
  • Audit evaluations and MD orders to catch errors and monitor trends
  • Initiate a “standardized test” day
  • Include standardized test in “precautions” on POCs, to ensure staff re-test
  • Monitor progress notes to look for trends

UR prep and care plans must:

  • Create effective care plan process
  • Frequently attend care plans to review weekly documentation
  • Prep for UR using the “weekly status report”
  • Ensure therapists are testing goal-related areas and that discharge dates are
  • appropriate
  • Report standardized test scores/ADL score during UR

Teach the Why

In order to hold staff accountable for skilled documentation, it’s important to engage your team in dynamic thinking about the “why” behind what they do. That is, educate them as to why quality documentation is important, as it not only reflects their clinical skill, but also ensures we can be billed for services and therefore has a financial impact. Finally, provide lists of commonly used skilled terms descriptive of therapists’ actions.

MSCA Data

Skilled documentation is a critical part of our systems at Granite Creek Health and Rehabilitation. By implementing training in this area, we saw an improvement in the MSCA therapy score and a decrease in the financial error rate:

By Larissa Osio, DOR, MS OTR/L, Granite Creek Health and Rehabilitation, Prescott, AZ

View full poster here: Accountability and Skilled Documentation -Granite Creek

Online Training Modules to Implement the Abilities Care Approach™

Clients with dementia living in skilled nursing facilities have occupational needs that are often unmet. Individualized care approaches and engagement in meaningful activities are effective non-pharmacologic approaches to dementia care. However, they are infrequently implemented in SNFs, and patients with dementia are often medicated with antipsychotic medications to manage behavioral symptoms related to dementia.

Occupational therapy practitioners and students who practice in SNFs may benefit from training to develop the knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs required to meet the unique occupational needs of clients with dementia who reside in long-term care SNF communities.

Background

  • The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services created a national partnership in 2012 to improve dementia care in nursing homes
  • Individualized to interests and backgrounds
  • Tailored to the cognitive and physical abilities of an individual
  • Considers medical needs and complications

Abilities Care Approach to Dementia:

  • Meets the occupational needs of clients with dementia
  • Based on the cognitive disability model
  • Utilizes a collaborative model of care, partnering with caregivers to adapt caregiving approaches and the environment to engage clients in meaningful occupations
  • Includes the creation of individualized activity prescriptions, care approaches and life-story boards

Abilities Care Approach Process

Implementation: Online Training Program

The online training program is available to OT practitioners and students through Ensign-affiliated SNFs. It incorporates effective teaching methods, including opportunities for student reflection, interaction with content, self-assessment of learning and application.

 

The training program is designed to:

  • Prepare OT practitioners to provide evidence-based, reimbursable services in an emerging practice area
  • Support reflection on the beliefs and values of OTs making the shift to a collaborative model of care
  • Familiarize OT practitioners with the Abilities Care Approach tools and resources available on the Portal

Note that additional references and literature are available upon request for those interested in implementing the Abilities Care Approach to Dementia.

By Gina Tucker-Roghi, OTD, OTR/L, Therapy Resource, Northern CA

Bladder Training Program/Continence Improvement Program

Urinary incontinence is a hidden epidemic. UI is among the 10 most common chronic conditions in the United States and is even more common than hypertension, depression or diabetes.

A majority of residents in skilled nursing facilities have some degree of incontinence. UI is quite costly in terms of quality of life of residents and the financial impact on facilities. As such, our Bladder Training Program seeks to address any incontinence issues among our residents.

Benefits of the program include:

  • Improves residents’ quality of life
  • Improves quality measures
  • Decreases the risk of pressure ulcers
  • Decreases the cost of UI care (the direct cost of UI care is greater than the cost of breast, cervical, uterine and ovarian cancers combined, to the tune of an estimated $12.4 billion annually)

Pelvic Floor Muscles

  1. Pelvic Diaphragm: Levator ani muscle (Puborectalis, Pubococcygeus, Iliococcygeus) and Coccygeus muscles
  2. Urogenital Diaphragm: Deep transfer perineal, Sphincter urethrae
  3. Sphincters and erectile muscles of urogenital and intestinal tract: External anal sphincter, Bulbospongious, Ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal

Methods

Step 1: Patient identification — Review Quality Indicator report. Look for residents with “Urinary Incontinence.” There is correlation between UI and fall, so consider those who have fallen. Look at female patients with history of hysterectomy (there is a strong correlation between the procedure and UI).

Step 2: Nursing assessment — Identify type of incontinence, i.e., stress, urge, mixed, functional or overflow, by using incontinence assessment form and simple three-day voiding diary:

  • Stress type: Leakage of small amount of urine during physical movement, usually from pelvic floor muscle weakness.
  • Urge type: Involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void. Leakage of large amounts of urine at unexpected times, including sleep. Sensory loss is a strong influence.
  • Mixed type: Occurrence of stress and urge together. This is the most common type in the elderly.
  • Functional type: Incontinence resulting from inability to access toilet due to physical disability, weakness, external obstacles, inability to manage clothing and/or cognitive impairment.
  • Overflow type: Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine (without movement) because bladder is excessively full due to damaged bladder, obstructed urethra or nerve damage.

Step 3: Therapy evaluation — Stress, urge and mixed are the most common types to address by therapy intervention. Develop four-week pelvic muscle exercise (PME) training program.

Step 4: Four-week treatment — PMEs to improve the strength and tone of pelvic floor and related muscles to maintain continence. PMEs include Kegel exercises, hip adductor exercises, obturator internus/abductor exercises, transverse abdominal exercises and gluteal sets.

Step 5: Re-evaluation — With improvement in urinary incontinence after four weeks of trial of PMEs, patient d/c from program. If no significant improvement in UI after four weeks of PMEs, electric stimulation and/or biofeedback is indicated, followed by reassessment.

 

By Kumar Pradeep, DPT, DOR, Legend Oaks Healthcare and Rehabilitation, South San Antonio, TX

Falling Leaf Program: Implementing a Fall Prevention Program

After noticing a recent increase in falls and fall-related injuries at our building, we wanted to better understand the mechanisms of the falls and implement a comprehensive, interdisciplinary fall prevention program.

Consider the following data:

  • March 2016: 29 falls, 21 residents, eight repeat offenders*
  • April 2016: 40 falls, 29 residents, 13 repeat offenders*

*Repeat offenders refers to residents who sustained more than one fall in a one-month span

What is the Falling Leaf Program?

This program was developed by Carolyn Spradlin as an adaptation to the Falling Star Program. The identified problem with the Falling Star Program is that it identifies patients at any risk of falls and results in a large number of patients in the program, thus decreasing the effectiveness.

In contrast, the Falling Leaf Program identifies the residents who are at the highest risk of falls. The program works to monitor these specific residents and determine the underlying reasons for these falls. A visual symbol of a leaf is placed outside the patient’s door and is used as a way for team members to intervene more quickly and better meet their needs.

How is it implemented:

  • Spacing out Falling Leaf residents among CNAs
  • Reassessment of residents on effectiveness of interventions
  • Nursing staff identified causes of falls: toileting needs, ADL routines, timing of medications, environmental hazards, etc.
  • Visual symbol means all staff members check in on resident when passing the room to make sure all needs have been met

Initial Findings

  • Over 50 percent of falls during PM/NOC shifts
  • Majority of falls related to toileting needs and unsupervised transfers
  • Many falls occur within first week of admission
  • 28/99 residents were identified as “high risk” and placed on the Falling Leaf Program in beginning of May

Results After One Month of Program

  • May 2016: 22 falls, 16 residents, five repeat offenders. After one month of implementation, there was a decrease in the number of falls, number of residents falling and number of repeat offenders.
  • Of the 22 falls in May, 14 were sustained by Falling Leaf Program participants, indicating a need for further interventions in this population.
  • Only three Falling Leaf Program participants had more than one fall in May, demonstrating some effectiveness of our program in decreasing the number of falls of these “high risk” individuals.

Conclusion

The implementation of this program at our facility is still in its early stages as we continue to work out any issues that arise. Some of our initial future plans include weekly reviews to assess for residents who can be removed from the program as well as any additional identified high-fall-risk residents who need to be added to the program. Additionally, we have recently started involving our pharmacy representative in fall meetings to assist with medication reviews to further decrease potential falls.

By Nicole Veniegas, DOR, MS, OTR/L; Kathryn Case, MOT, OTR/L, Magnolia Post Acute Care, El Cajon, CA

View full poster here: Falling Leaf – Magnolia

Oral Hygiene Program

At Grand Terrace Rehabilitation and Nursing, we have implemented an Oral Hygiene Program with great success for residents. The purpose of the program is multifold:

  • Decrease potential for complications from oral bacteria
  • Increase resident level of independence and dignity
  • Improve quality of life
  • Develop restorative nursing programs and decrease caregiver assistance

Methods

  • Identify appropriate residents (G-tube, dementia, bed-bound, cognitively impaired, high-risk aspiration, etc.)
  • Create individualized oral hygiene box including: toothbrush, toothpaste, cup, mouthwash, oral swab, etc.
  • OT addresses processing, sequencing, grasp, UE strength and coordination, postural control and compensatory training
  • ST addresses oral desensitization, risk of aspiration, oral-motor coordination and strength, oral functions and cognitive abilities
  • Provide daily visual schedule for oral hygiene in restroom for appropriate residents
  • Provide caregiver education to nursing staff and family members
  • Refer to Restorative Nursing Program for carryover

Results

As a result of the program, our residents have gained an improved quality of life and decreased caregiver dependence. We have increased CNA productivity due to residents requiring less assistance, while also decreasing hospitalizations due to medical complications associated with poor oral care. In addition, we have seen increased interdisciplinary team communication.

The oral hygiene program has benefited residents, caregivers, therapy and the facility. Not only have we boosted awareness of the importance of providing good oral care, but we have also enhanced residents’ self-efficacy.

By Grand Terrace Rehabilitation and Nursing, Therapy Department, McAllen, TX

Global Deterioration Scale OT Practice Implementation

As healthcare professionals, we often discuss dementia in the context of various stages, that is, how far a person’s dementia has progressed. Sometimes, we’ll define a person’s stage simply as early-stage, middle-stage or late-stage; however, to be more exact, we use the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), which assigns seven different dementia stages based on the degree of cognitive decline.

Below, we’ve provided an overview of these stages, along with appropriate activities for the resident. You’ll see that the stages progress from pre-dementia through the final stages when a patient requires much greater assistance.

Stage 1

  • No other symptoms other than stress-related memory problems

Stage 2

  • Increased short-term memory loss
  • Individual is good at using compensatory strategies to mask short-term memory loss

Stage 3

  • Compensatory strategies are no longer working for the person
  • People are starting to notice that strategies are unsuccessful

Stage 4

  • Individual now recognizes strategies aren’t working for them
  • Family members are starting to notice individual is not safe at home

Appropriate activities: games, cooking axs, puzzles, crafts, bingo

Stage 5

  • Individual no longer realizes memory loss is occurring
  • Damage to the brain has progressed
  • If you work in a long-term facility, you might notice that in this stage the patient states “I’m just visiting here; I don’t live here”
  • Individuals should be independent with self-care activities and benefit from familiar signage and audio tapes from family for calming
  • Posture and gait will appear normal and the individual will still make eye contact when conversing
  • Validation therapy is important and entering the world of the individual with dementia

Appropriate activities: crafts, gross motor games, puzzles, sorting tools, stuffing envelopes, bingo, coloring, painting, baking and cooking, sorting and matching, sing songs, counting exercises, sorting and folding clothes, setting the table

Stage 6

  • In this stage, if the individual does not feel comfortable, the clothing item is usually removed
  • Vision changes occur and peripheral vision becomes limited or non-existent; depth perception is also limited
  • Falls increase due to decreased depth perception and shorter stride length (they begin to shuffle their feet)
  • Leather-soled shoes recommended
  • Eye gaze slowly progresses downward and at the end of this stage, it is about 1 to 2 feet in front of them. Signage should be placed 20 to 30 inches from the floor at this stage due to decreased ability to visually track upward.
  • Most will stop feeding themselves. Caregiver education is important to make sure the resident eats and stays hydrated.
  • It’s important to remember that in this stage, new learning does not occur even with constant repetition

Appropriate activities: same as stage 5 but with greater amount of cueing, scrapbooks, photo albums, busy boxes, reminiscing. May push objects such as mops or brooms, parachute, may hit or kick a target, dusting, washing tables, stirring juice or batter

Stage 7

  • This is the last stage of the GDS
  • Most of individuals with dementia will stop speaking during this period
  • This stage appears to be a time where senses dominate everything
  • Most people in end-stage dementia will die of aspiration pneumonia (this is where you will collaborate with other disciplines to enable the individual with a better chance for safely swallowing food items)
  • Research has shown that the last taste receptors we have are sweet and bitter. It’s better to provide food in separate bowls with sugar or sugar substitute all over the food.

Appropriate activities: tactile stimulation, music, drumming, reminiscing, roll golf ball, sitting and head control during axs, kneed bread dough, take out raisins, husk corn and remove silk, pudding painting

The GDS provides a precise means of identifying a patient’s degree of cognitive decline. By defining a patient’s disease stage, we can determine the best treatment approaches and facilitate good communication between patients and caregivers.

By Amber Howard, DOR, Legend Oaks Healthcare and Rehabilitation, North Austin, TX

Navigating and Surviving the Managed Care Jungle

Our skilled population has gradually shifted from traditional Medicare Part A to Managed Care Part A. Therefore, our treatment focus has had to shift as well. We are no longer focusing on progressing to prior level of function, but rather progressing to next level of care.

Methods

With the goal of reducing the length of stay, we determined that we needed to aggressively treat at onset of stay. To jumpstart our therapists and create a routine for the patients, we implemented the following days:

  • Training Tuesday — We schedule patient families to come in on Tuesdays, and we provide training on transfers, functional ADLs and HEP.
  • Working Wednesdays — On this day, we focus on all of the household tasks that patients require as they return home. We have patients sweep, mop, cook and clean the kitchen, dust, do laundry and simulate vacuuming. We have them “shop” at our stocked pantry for grocery store management.
  • Functional Fridays — The focus on this day is all functional tasks, such as bathing/toileting, car transfers, tub transfers, dressing and fall recovery.

Results

Since the implementation of our protocol, the length of stay has decreased on our managed care from 18.4 days to 15.6 days. Reviewing the length of stay of our Medicare A patients, it has dropped from 30 days to 27.9 days. During the course of review, which was a six-month period, we had 196 Managed Care patients and 58 Medicare A patients.

Conclusion

Our goals include the following:

  1. Manage the length of stay while obtaining better outcomes. Goal effective May 2017 is less than 14 days length of stay regardless of payer sources.
  2. Finish development of the theme for Monday and Thursday. Manic Monday will be a crossfit-based day, and Relaxation Thursday will be leisure activities to promote a more active lifestyle.
  3. With the measures in place, we will have increased customer satisfaction of both the MCO and the patient.
  4. Utilize our preferred status with the Managed Cares to convert our discharging patients to become outpatients to better serve our community.

By Andy Cisneros, PTA, Therapy Program Manager, Legend Oaks, West San Antonio, TX

Improving Proprioception and Ankle Strategy With New Balance Pad

Last year, Ensign therapists were introduced to a new balance pad system called the Sanddune Stepper. It is said to have significant effects on improving proprioception and ankle strategy in patients with a neurological diagnosis.

The device is constructed of a combination of memory foam and closed cell foam, which causes a rapid rebound of the memory foam, increasing the challenge and resistance with each step. This also equalizes the reaction force on the feet when the patient is standing, making the device respond closer to the patient environment.

Clinical Observations

How well does the Sanddune Stepper improve proprioception and ankle strategy compared to other balance pads on the market? The main difference between the Sanddune Stepper and other balance pads is the different type of foam allowing for rapid stepping and the division between sides (giving the device the sand dune look). This division allows the contralateral foot to be lifted with no effect on the other, because it is essentially two pads in one.

Evidence states that muscle fatigue in lower extremities is a contributing factor to reduced postural control (Fox et al). “Balance exercises comprising steady-state and reactive components should be included in a balance program with the goal to prevent elderly people from falling,” according to Granacher, Muehlbauer and Gruber.

Using the “running in place or flutter step” exercise suggested by the manufacturer, we see a rapid onset of fatigue in our patients and use this technique to improve resistance to fatigue. Using this device with patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, we observe immediate carryover in most cases following three minutes of rapid stepping on the device. The patient will usually demonstrate better stepping with gait on firm surfaces following this treatment intervention.

In patients with medical diagnosis of stroke and related balance deficits, this device improves carryover of ankle strategy from the Sanddune Stepper compared to other foam balance pads and on firm surfaces. Bird et al states that learned response with balance training improves carryover through leg strength and balance training. This can have a positive effect on fall prevention in older adults.

Conclusion

At Olympia Transitional Care and Rehabilitation, we have been using the Sanddune Stepper as our go-to balance pad. We consistently see more rapid recovery in proprioception and ankle strategy with our neurologically involved patients.

There is still evidence to be collected and more case studies to be written. Our initial observation is that this device is a power tool in our arsenal of balance training devices, and we use it more frequently than our other balance pads. We suggest that a dedicated study on the effects of the Sanddune Stepper would be beneficial to the field of rehabilitation for our neurological patients.

By C. Scott Hollander, DPT, Olympia Transitional Care and Rehabilitation, Olympia, WA

Physical Mobility Scale Is an Effective Standard Test for Skilled Rehab

When it comes to our long-term care patients, many of our standard tests simply do not serve them well in regards to monitoring subtle changes over time. Standard tests such as the BERG, DGI and Tinneti are not good for patients who are wheelchair-bound. Additionally, using these tests as short-term goals can create challenges, as the patient’s overall scores will remain relatively unchanged for several weeks in most cases.

In contrast, the Physical Mobility Scale (PMS) can be used to help determine improvements and declines in function, as it measures a wider range of functional skills. The PMS measures nine basic movements using an ordinal scale of 0 to 5 for a total of 0 to 45 possible points.

Article Review

Pike and Landers (2010) studied 70 LTC residents to determine the minimal detectable change (MDC) for the PMS. The same therapist was used for all tests. Residents were tested three months apart, and a 7-point Likert Scale (very much improved to very much worsened) was used to determine how much change indicated 95 percent confidence level (MDC95).

Results

Table 1 shows the ratings of the pre- and post-tests (three months apart).

 

 

 

 

 

Data

It was found that a 5-point increase and a 4-point decrease showed a minimal clinically important difference at the 95 percent confidence level (MDC95). The scores that reflected no change were removed, and all improved scores and worsened scores were combined into two separate categories as seen in table 2.

 

 

 

Conclusion

The Physical Mobility Scale is reliable, easy to use and understand, covers all the basic skills of our patients and has high validity. This standardized test will show steady progression over time and can be used to determine increases and decreases in our long-term and short-term residents.

By Scott Langdale, PT/DPT, DOR, Beacon Hill Rehabilitation, Longview, WA

Stratifying Risk for Hospital Readmission and Assessing Safe Discharge

At Gateway Transitional Care Center, we’ve found that administrators and clinicians can work together to stratify residents’ risk for re-hospitalization. Below, we’ve provided some data to aid in understanding the current statistics associated with hospital readmission from skilled nursing facilities (SNF).

Hospital Readmission Rates: Why They Matter

Hospital readmission rates are regarded as a valid quality measure for SNFs:

  • CMS data show top ¾ rate < 17%
  • Bottom ¼ > 23%
  • Authors conclude the relationship between readmissions and quality of facility is not an artifact
  • High rates may damage hospital-SNF relations
  • Hospitals penalized by CMS for readmissions
  • Increased burden on U.S. healthcare ($9.41 million in Idaho alone)
  • 20% of Medicare beneficiaries discharged to SNF
  • One in four patients discharged to a SNF is readmitted within 30 days
  • Two-thirds of these readmissions may be preventable

Note: Risk stratification can occur during both admission and discharge.

Hospital Scoring Validation

  • Kim et al. validated use of the tool in 2016
  • Risk stratification
  • All cause readmission 30.9%
  • Low risk (0-4) 15.4%
  • Intermediate risk (5-6) 28.1%
  • High risk (>7) 40.9%
  • Those at high risk tend to be those who are younger (mean age 72.8), likely to be on dialysis and discharged to subspecialty service

 

Discharge Risk: Function Out-Predicts Co-Morbidities

  • Main tool of use: Functional Independence Measure
  • Motor subscale out-predicted cognitive subscale
  • Motor subscale
  • Eating, grooming, bathing, upper and lower body dressing, toileting, bowel/bladder management, bed to chair transfer, toilet transfer, shower transfer, locomotion, stairs

Prediction At Discharge Using FIM Categories

  • Patients dependent in any category of mobility — 50% increased odds (OR= 1.50)
  • Patients dependent for self-care — 36% increased odds (OR = 1.36)
  • Patients dependent for cognition — 19% increased odds (OR= 1.19)
  • All compared to 8.5% for those independent in ⅔ categories

Additional Performance Measures Useful for Prediction

  • 10 Meter Walk Test
  • Functional Reach Test
  • Six-Minute Walk Test

Using the above data, we can assess and stratify patient risk for hospital readmission, as well as predict discharge safety using valid outcome measures based on the current best evidence. By providing evidence for risk, facilities may decrease rates of hospital readmission and justify the need for ongoing services to better meet patients’ needs.

By Ian M. Campbell, SPT, Gateway Transitional Care Center, Pocatello, ID